Global Trends

Global Trends MGT 460: Leadership Priorities & Practice Instructor William Conaway February 17, 2011 Global Trends Education is arguably one of the biggest industries in the world. People pay to learn and if we are honest, people learn to get paid. Individuals stress to their children the importance of doing well in school. Why? The world has put a prerequisite on success, and it is education. Since we know that education is vital and we understand that the twenty-first century has brought with it a global community; it follows that the Education industry in America, especially public school, must change if this millennial generation is to be successful in the future and as a future public school worker I must be marketable for those changes. General Environment Children are different today then they were 10 years ago. Between the internet, video games, and movies it takes a lot more to hold their attention which means it takes a different type of teacher to get them to learn. Baby boomers who make up the largest population of the experienced teaching community will be retiring over the next 3-5 years. Although these teachers have years of experience this particular generation is very different from anything they have ever faced. Consequently, the students have been turned off by their traditional approach. . Lee Goeke the former head of Human Resources for Vancouver Public â€Å"studied what he calls the millennial generation — those who graduated from high school in 2000 or later. He determined they weren't obsessed with money like Baby Boomers or Generation Xers. Out of all the generations we've had, this is the perfect generation for teaching,† Goeke said. â€Å"The millennial generation is more interested in vision and philosophy. (McLatchey, 2008). Task Environment We live in a global community. The internet and other advanced technologies have brought the world together in an unusual way; resulting in Americans not just competing among ourselves, but with people all over the world. This has always been the case in some industries since the establishment of America, but never to the degree in which we see it today. Consequently, public education is becoming an industry of great importance. Parents are demanding more of the curriculum. Society as a whole recognizes the need for quality public school education if we are to continue to compete with companies around the world in the future whose educational systems will or have surpassed ours. Pulling it all Together In the next three years due to the shrinking size of the world and the competition for jobs in our global community education in America will become more world based, focusing on the total growth of the developing child, touching hearts as well as minds and encompassing social, physical, emotional and cultural needs in addition to academic development (http://www. bo. org/pyp/). Having a degree in both organizational management which prepares me for the global business market and psychology which helps me understand social, emotional, and cultural needs will make me not only extremely marketable in the years to come, but an effective member of the education community. References http://www. ibo. org/pyp/ Rafte ry, I (2 March). With teacher turnover high, Vancouver schools shift recruiting effort to attract idealists. McClatchy – Tribune Business News. Retrieved March 31, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Complete database. (Document ID: 1437867971).

Organizational Behavior-No Fair Pay In This Place Essay

The purpose of this paper is to examine the motivational effects of pay level on worker performance. It is discusses some of the elements that contributed to the employees in Western Satellite office to express feelings of inequality. Some of these elements include academic qualifications, educational background, just to mention but a few. The paper also tackles some of the reasons why the New York worker is considered a ‘comparison other’ as opposed to the worker in Seattle. Moreover, the paper explores how the issue of inequality in the case- no fair pay in this place was either resolved or not. For instance, we find in this case that this issue was not resolved. Last but not least, the paper also examines some of the other factors that may have contributed to the dissatisfaction that was experience by the two workers. Some of these factors include; lack of communication, culture, lack of adaptability, lack of empathy, just to mention but a few. Introduction  The purpose of this paper is to examine the case study that revolves around no fair pay in the workplace and the fact that employees working from different cities receive different numerations irrespective of how much responsibility one has within the organization, their academic qualifications and the years of experience within the industry in which they are operating. (Armstrong, 2006, p. 62) Question One What are some of the elements which contributed to the employees feelings of inequality? These include educational background, years of experience, responsibilities that one has and last but not least academic qualifications. The employees were stressed with the kind of work they had to perform such as having heavy load of unhappy clients and their urgent demands, complaining customers, just to mention but a few. (Meredith, 2004, p. 2) Susan was hired based on her degree in Business Administration. She was responsible in planning, problem solving and supervising a number of employees and this included Dan Donaldson, a public relations spokesperson of the company. However, despite all these responsibilities, she received a remuneration of $30,000 per annum. This was very disappointing since she had 20 years of customer relations and supervisory know-how, not to mention the current degree that she had received in business. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) On the contrary, Helen who was based at the headquarters in New York received $40,000 in only ten months as opposed to 12. This made Susan furious since she had no customer contact, no university education, no one to supervise and no seniority. In a nutshell, Helen had an annual salary of $48,000. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Pay determination may possibly have one or more objectives, which may frequently be in conflict with each other. The primary is equity, and this may take numerous forms. They comprise income distribution through reduction of inequalities, defending real earnings (purchasing power), and the notion of equal pay for work of equivalent value. Moreover, pay differentials based on differences in skills are all associated to the idea of fairness. (Deckop, 2006, p. 65) Performance pay systems in organizations are based on assessment of the personality worker, often by their line administrator who may or may not be experienced in process. Performance pay is extensively renowned as contributing to pay inequalities, predominantly in this case (New York and Seattle). (Culbert, 1996, p. 68) Question Two Why the New York worker was considered a ‘comparison other’ but not the worker in Seattle? The New York worker was considered a ‘comparison other’ because the front lines of the job were in Seattle where the client based was centered and the services were rendered. Moreover, employees at Seattle received heavy load of unhappy clients and their urgent demands while she contentedly remained in her comfort zone that was stress free. Research has recommended that some individuals are more flourishing in their careers than others even when they have had equivalent learning and experimental opportunities. One clarification for these disparities may possibly relate to differences between intellectual intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ). IQ measures academic competencies or one’s aptitude to use acquaintance in making decisions and adapting to innovative situations. This can best be illustrated with Helen who works in at the headquarters in New York. However, as much as she is based in New York, all the tasks are carried out in Seattle, and this means that she is not using the little experience and experimental opportunities that she acquired to perform her duties. (Lamal, 1991, p. 72) On the other hand, EQ is a measure of expressive and societal competencies or one’s aptitude to recognize expressive expressions in someone and others. Even though both can be enhanced through training and altered over time, EQ is separate from IQ in that it is one’s aptitude to standardize emotions in reaction to ecological stimulus. EQ has been popularized as an educated skill that is a superior interpreter of life success than intellectual achievement or technological aptitude. This can best be illustrated with Susan and Dan Donaldson who had superior performance, academic achievements, work experience and interpersonal skills. They had to deal with resolving customers issues on a daily basis while Helen and her fellow workers who were based in New York sat and waited for the final produce that came from Seattle. (Harris, 2001, p. 78) The workplace surroundings idea also sees entity firm level performance such as efficiency, productivity, efficiency and competitiveness; as a result of not only the sufficiency supply of human resources with suitable skills, but also a workplace surroundings that incessantly optimizes the use of these skills throughout the way work is intended and prearranged, the suitability, access and association of supports and tools to do the work, the association of decision making, rewards and appreciation for performance. The New York worker is considered a ‘comparison worker’ as opposed to the worker in Seattle since she lacks interpersonal skills, academic achievements, superior performance, just to mention but a few. Despite all these, she is considered the best just because she is based at the head office located in New York. (Bate, 1994, p. 81) On the other hand, the Seattle worker who has all the necessary qualities such as work experience, interpersonal skills and academic qualifications; is looked down upon just because she is operating in Seattle. (Meredith, 2004, p. 2) Question Three  How was the inequality resolved? The inequality was not resolved at all. As a matter of fact, once Mr. James commented that nobody said that it was fair and rather, that was how the staff in New York are remunerated, that was the end of the discussion. Mr. James did not validate his statement, neither did he explain why that was the case. Instead, he was interested in how Susan found out about Helen’s salary. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Participation in the labor force is usually regarded as an important measurement of equality. Having a job is significant to individuals. Jobs are a numerically important starting point for livelihoods. They are also significant proportions of social respect, acknowledgment, individuality and self esteem. Even though the sources and solutions for increasing inequality are multifaceted and open to dispute, the corporeal and psychosomatic penalties are real and straightforward. (Mathis, 2006, p. 99) It is understandable that we require more than legislation, bylaw and exacting programs to generate a diverse workforce usual in association. We also need customs of understanding the challenges. This mean examination of ‘what goes wrong’. Both the need for continuous coercive dealings and the phenomena of the turning door or equity tell us regarding the pervasive and systemic character of the status quo in workforce composition and in the organization and conduct of business and government. (Max, 204, p. 104) When individuals talk concerning inequality, they tend to center completely on the proceeds part of the equation. According to the case- no fair pay in this place, there is the gap between the employees in New York and Seattle and this is based on remuneration amongst the employees. (Armstrong, 2006, p. 8) The verification of increasing disparity in the United States and around the globe is both obvious and disturbing. As power, capital, and probability are increasingly concerted in the hands of the extremely few, this age of â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have not† is connected with a wide range of unenthusiastic outcomes for faraway too countless. A good illustration is seen in the case-no fair pay in this place, where Western Satellite Office workers are experiencing inequality problems based on remuneration since they are not based in New York where the head office is situated. They are the ones who experience customer service problems since each and every customer wants to be served and at the end of the day, they feel so stressed and worn out, yet when it comes to remuneration they receive less than what the worker in New York receive. This is not fair since the worker in New York doesn’t experience the pressure that the Seattle worker receives. (Lamal, 1991, p. 106 Question Four What are the other factors which may have contributed to the dissatisfaction experienced by these two workers? Culture A managerial culture affects how the company performs. Culture is the behavior of a group of individuals. This consists of; the beliefs, civilization, acquaintance and practices. Individuals depend on it for security, evenness and the ability to act in response in a given circumstance. (Harris, 2001, p. 92) According to this case, the reason why Helen and Susan received different remuneration was because Helen was situated at the head office in New York. This was the culture of that organization that was based on the location of the city. Therefore, Susan having been situated at Seattle was bound on her $30,000 per annum, and this was regardless of her qualifications. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Lack of Communication Generally, lack of communication on the part of the boss contributes to the displeasure among the workers in the association. Communication problems are a purpose of message and organizational procedure, and managerial factors. Effectual communication of performance requirements to all workers will reduce the number of complaints and grievances. Nonattendance of this communication domino effect in workers not performing. For instance in our case, when Susan was about to present her case, Mr. James had already predicted and he simply brushed the matter off by making a comment concerning the issue. He didn’t give room for discussion concerning that matter; neither did he give an explanation nor a satisfactory solution. This resulted to laxity among the workers in the western satellite office. (Bate, 1994, p. 98) By not communicating well enough, Mr.  James avoided to get into dialogue concerning important issues such as, the reason why employees in New York receiving a higher pay as opposed to employees in Seattle. This made him appear unavailable and uncaring to Susan and the employees of Western Satellite Office; this resulted in hurting teamwork spirit and cooperation within the organization. (Deckop, 2006, p. 110) Lack of Self awareness and accurate self-assessment Without self awareness and self-assessment, Mr. James was too quick to brush off the matter that Susan had presented to him. He was unable to accept useful feedback, and he didn’t have a realistic awareness of his strengths or limitations. As a result, it created problems in their work relationships and in their personal relationships. (Culbert, 1996, p. 115) Lack of Empathy When leaders fail to demonstrate sufficient empathy in times of hesitation or crisis, they will probable be seen as unresponsive, hardhearted and in-authentic- all of which will make workers be less supportive and less communicative. The boss may be left feeling misunderstood, and will have complexity â€Å"reading† their workers. This is exactly what Mr. James did and as a result, Susan’s ability to work drastically diminished and she became less concerned with her duties and responsibilities in the workplace. (Mathis, 2006, p. 120) Lack of Adaptability Without elasticity and adaptableness, Mr. James responded negatively to the core issue that was troubling his employee Susan. This revealed emotional strain to Susan since she had to shift priorities; expressed frustration with change; had difficulties adapting Mr.  James responses and tactics to fit the emerging circumstance; and ultimately she was hesitant in taking on new challenges. (Max, 2004, p. 126) Lack of self-management Without good self management, Mr. James reacted precipitately when he predicted that there was bound to be conflict at work. This made him respond to problems in a non-constructive manner that resulted to unwanted consequences such as laxity amongst the employees (Susan). (Harris, 2001, p. 118) Conclusion  In a civilized workplace, individuals who work well ought to be rewarded through decent pay, endorsement and new opportunities, the possibility to build up new skills, admiration from coworker and management, and the individual gratification and satisfaction that comes from doing a job well. Culture determines the type of management, communication, and cluster dynamics within the association. The employees usually recognize this as the excellence of work life which directs their measure of motivation. The concluding outcome is generally performance, human being satisfaction, individual growth and expansion. All these rudiments unite to build the model or structure that the association operates from. However, all these elements are not revealed in our case since Mr. James chose not to allow room for discussion. He lacked communication skills and empathy and as a result, there was poor turnover in Susan’s output. Generally, in an organization, employers should be open with their employees and allow a forum for discussion and participation. For instance in this case, Mr.  James would have allowed Susan to present her queries and later on try to explain to her why the workers in New York had to receive a better pay than workers in Seattle. Moreover, there should be restructuring of some of the rules in Western Satellite Office and promote job enrichment. This will facilitate enlargement of the individuals within the association, better worker performance for the association, there will be maximum use of human resources for the general public at large (both in New York and Seattle), enlargement of the individual, and self-actualization of the individual.

How The Meaning Of Democracy And Globalization Differs In Deferent Essay

Globalization is making international trade more easy and accessible. Business operations cut across transnational borders in contemporary times, more than before. Furthermore, there are increasing numbers of players in the international trade and deal transactions than ever before. The neo-liberalists views in international trade has always supported a globalize and open market order in which every countries is expected to open up its market and imbibe the culture of free trade, free economy entry and exit of labor and the opening of the state economy to the international market for active competition. The adoption of open markets have resulted in the political responses in terms of change in the political structure, that is hitherto exhibited and the way government intervene in her country’s economy. This change has resulted in the adoption of the neo-liberal stand. Even, the communist states are now gradually opening up to the trade zone to international transactions. â€Å"Globalization can be briefly defined as, the intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders† (Holm & Sorensen, 1995:4). According to Yeung (2002), from an economic perspective the term globalization is defined as â€Å"the rapid proliferation of cross-border production, trade, and investment activities spearheaded by global corporations and international financial institutions that facilitate the emergence of an increasingly integrated and interdependent global economy†. Thus, globalization is a transformation of the world order to become accustomed to the changes of time and the pattern of the world order. Democracy is seen as a system of government where the government is accountable to the people, and sovereignty of the state lies with the people. Cultural differences in terms of the practices and way of living of people makes them adapt to different conceptualization and practice of philosophy associated with democracy and globalization. DIVERSITY IN CONCEPTUALIZING DEMOCRACY AND GLOBALIZATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Williams (1983) try to capture in his book the differences between in articulated experience and the general conclusion reached in regards to democracy and globalization. This according to him has lead to the covert disappointments in the failure to formulate that tension abstractly. People’s experience in actual life sometime differs from the principles underlying democratic practices and the gains and pains attributed to globalization in the 21st century. Williams work preoccupies with the connections between human ideology and societal culture. The cultural difference between countries and political and economic settings tend to present different realities pertaining to democracy and globalization. For instance, in underdeveloped African countries democracy in the real sense which has to do with government by the people and where full public accountability is emphasized is a far cry from the realities. African leaders are corrupt and tend to infringe on people’s human rights. There is poor public accountability, amidst high level of corruption. The interpretation giving to democracy in the advanced western world respects the rights of the people and public accountability is emphasized. Sovereignty should lie with the people according to democratic principle, but in African countries that practice democratic rule, the leaders see themselves as custodian of sovereignty, as it is observed in a monarchical rule. The African culture embraces a fatalistic perspective to life, while the western culture tends to strive for change. This fatalistic lifestyle as made globalization not too beneficial to underdeveloped African countries, as they rely on primary goods production, which are grossly under priced in the international trade level. Williams thus, recognized the importance of taking individual and social circumstances into consideration as this bring about the differences in interpretation to vital issues of life, like democracy, human arts, industry, class and culture. The role of developing countries in globalizing the world is one in which they play significant role. Most raw materials utilized in both advanced economy and in processing into finish, products are sourced from developing countries from Africa, Asian, and Latin America. At the aftermath of the Uruguay Round Agreements (URA) the role of developing countries in global economy has increased significantly. Furthermore, the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is harnessing trade negotiations within developing countries. According to Michalopoulos (1999), â€Å"The integration of the developing countries into the multilateral trading system has been especially impressive for a group of perhaps 15-20 middle and higher income developing countries in Latin America and Asia†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The increasing significant of developing countries in speeding up the global development ascribes on them certain responsibilities that is expected for them to play. This comes in way of putting in place a smooth export trade zone for its raw materials and free movement of labor in and out their national boundaries. Some developing countries in assuming this responsibility has formed export agency among them to enable the smooth export trade in raw materials. â€Å"†¦exports have risen b y more than 10 per annum in volume since 1970†¦ the developed countries combined gross domestic product (GDP); at the beginning of the 1990s†¦accounted for 1. 8 per cent of GDP, whereas the figure in 1999 was 3. 2 per cent† (Akyuz, et al 2001). Developing countries has developed policies in their exports, which is characterized by imposition of control and taxes on export of primary products and foodstuffs, and also they tend to provide incentives and subsidies to their exports manufacturers (Michalopoulos 1999). Thus, the need to create a trade free zone and easy passage of primary products to international zone where they would be converted into finished product is one responsibility developing countries need to carry out. Furthermore, the developing countries play the significant role in the supply of labor, in the production process, given their large population. Developing countries have large labor markets, thus the supply of this to the global labor market goes a long way in contributing to global development. Thus improving of labor skills in developing countries is a way the usefulness of labor in this part of the world would contribute significantly in area of global development. In this view, Akyuz, et al (2001), has it that â€Å"improvement in labor market conditions will also require a reorientation of development policies at the national and global levels, particularly with respect to the speed and pattern of integration of developing countries into the global economy†. The role third world countries play in globalization is directly connected to how their cultural background and interpretation to the phenomenon is connected to their occupation and way of life. For instance, countries in Africa, it has 70 percent of its workforce in peasant farming. Thus, the continent economy is agrarian and thus, its involvement in globalization is in the production of primary product. On the other hand, advance western countries like U. S. and EU states, including advance Asian countries like Japan, China, produce finish products like automobiles, electronics etc. While the western world would conceive globalization as an expanded place for trading, with the less barrier to trade, the underdeveloped countries something conceive this as a continue exploitation of the westerners and the dependency on their products. CONCLUSION Democracy has in contemporary times being widely acknowledged globally in the political realm and in work place. Workers participation are urging for more participation as a way to embrace democracy. In addition, this globalization phenomenon has made organized capitalism to transit from corporate capitalism to monopoly capitalism not it is in its customer capitalism. However, democracy is different interpreted by countries in line with their cultural setting. While the advance political states seeks for more respect for human rights and public accountability, the underdeveloped state in their nascent democracy are trying to fight huge level of corruption and leadership oppression as it is being notice in Zimbabwe where Mugabe is hindering any move of oppositions. In addition, the conceptualization of globalization by different countries depends on the receiving end they find themselves in the international trade. While those countries primarily engaged in the production of primary products such as raw materials cry for unfavorable term of trade, the advanced economic countries see globalization as a pattern for encouraging free trade and maximizing economic wealth. REFERENCES Akyuz, Yilmaz, et al (2001), â€Å"Globalization, Inequality and the Labour Market† http://www. flassbeck. de/pdf/GLOBALIZ. PDF. (02/12/07)Michalopoulos, Constantine (1999), â€Å"Trade Policy market Access Issues for Developing Countries: Implications for the Millennium Round† http://wbln0018. worldbank. org/research/workpapers. nsf/bd04ac9da150d30385256815005076ce/a70066326b8be18c85256818005b9fb6/$FILE/wps2214. pdf. (2/12/07) Williams, Raymond (1983) Culture And Society: 1780-1950, Columbia University Press. Yeung, Henry W. (2002), â€Å"The Limits to Globalization Theory: A Geographic Perspective on Global Economic Change† Economic Geography, Volume 78, Number 3, July http://www. europe. canterbury. ac. nz/courses/euro223/yeong. pdf. (02/12/07)

Design for Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Design for Environment - Assignment Example Also the regulations for environmentally friendly cars, the improvements in design of these green cars, the emission characteristics have been discussed. I. Recyclable household items: According to an article by Kat Long (2010), the most commonly recyclable house hold items are paper , cardboard, plastic, metals, glass, E- wastes, printer cartridges and batteries. Plastics: Recycling of plastic wastes has become a prime concern due to poor biodegradability of the materials used. According to Achilias.D. et al (2008), â€Å"Polyolefins (LDPE, HDPE, PP) are a major type of thermoplastic used throughout the world in such applications as bags, toys, containers, pipes (LDPE), houswares, industrial wrappings and film, gas pipes (HDPE), film, battery cases, automotive parts, electrical components (PP).† While the condensation polymers can be easily recycled, the addition polymers like PET (Poly Ethylene Terephthalate) are difficult to recycle (Karayannidis and Achilias, 2007). Achili as and Karayannidis (2004), propose a thermochemical recycling called pyrolysis that produce liquid form like gasoline. Sustained Plastic waste management involves the mechanical or chemical methods in which the polypropylene and polyethylenes are converted into useful end products. In mechanical recycling, the polymer is dissolved in a solvent and is separated. Achilias.D. et al (2008) claim that the polymer recovery can be greater than 90% by the choice of proper solvents. The end product quality has been examined by Fourier Transform – Infra Red (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The end products of these recycling methods include hydrocarbon gases and oils, which can be again reused as feedstock in petrochemical plants. E – waste: E wastes are primarily the old unused computers, cell phones and other electronic gadgets. In the official website of Apple, ( iMac and the environment, ) , it is stated that the challenging task faced by the computer ind ustry with respect to environmentally friendly design is the use of materials involving mercury, arsenic, phthalates, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PVC in their products and copper wires. The first E-waste recycling was introduced in Switzerland and later followed by the European Union with the â€Å"Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive† (WEEE Directive, 2002/96/EC). One crude method of recycling the wires include burning the wires together to extract copper from them. Researchers say that these crude methods may lead to more contamination of air, soil and water. This drives the manufacturers of electronic goods to opt for environmentally friendly materials like mercury free backlighting and display glasses that are free from arsenic. Also choosing materials that are thinner, smaller and lighter enables lesser materials to be used. This reduced usage of materials leads to lesser green gas emissions. (The story behind Apple’s environment footprint, www.apple.com/environment/ ). The manufacturers also undertake a complete life cycle assessment of the product with respect to environmental factors. They also use hybrid methods that save energy by reducing the consumption of energy. For example, Apple proposes three techniques for reduced energy consumption. They are efficient power supply, proper power management and using low

Watsons Theory Of Human Caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Watsons Theory Of Human Caring - Essay Example In addition, it allows for phenomenological forces and open expression of both positive and negative feelings. This paper will discuss the application of Watson’s theory of human caring to nursing scenario. Watson’s theory of human caring Introduction The nursing scenario involves Mr. Peter, aged 65 years who is admitted in a hospital with severe depression. His wife died 6 months ago, aged at 55 years and his children are living miles away. Mr. Peter was diagnosed with prostate cancer few years ago and has a leg injury that he sustained after he was involved in a car accident during his teenage years. He is not used to quad cane that his children brought for him. Although prostate cancer has been managed for some time, his eating habits have gradually changed and his children have noticed signs of behavioral changes such as lack of sleep, poor eating habits, locking all bedrooms and cabinets in the house. In addition, Mr. Peter is ever complaining about his finances. I the above nursing scenario, Watson’s theory of human caring is useful in enhancing the patient nursing care (George, 2002). The theory assumes that caring is only practiced interpersonally and human caring entails certain curative factors that ultimately lead to human needs’ satisfaction (Daniels, 2004). Accordingly, caring practice is central to nursing practice since it promotes the health and individual growth (Watson, 1999). The theory is based on ten carative factors that include the formation of humanistic-altruistic value system, installation of faith and hope, and promotion of interpersonal teaching (Daniels, 2004). Accordingly, it entails cultivation of sensitivity to others and development of trust relationships with patients. In addition, the carative factors entails acceptance of both positive and negative feelings, assistance with the gratification of human needs, and use of scientific methods in decision making (George, 2002). Accordingly, the theory ent ails allowance for existential-phenomenological factors and providing a supportive and protective environment that enhances the physical, social and spiritual development of the nursing patient (George, 2002). The theory can be used in nursing care since it entails enabling hope and faith and being sensitive to others through cultivating patient’s own individual practices (Daniels, 2004). Accordingly, the nurse and patient development loving, trustful and caring relationships that enable the patient to express both negative and positive feelings freely (Watson, 1999). Watson’s theory entails formation of the humanistic-altruistic value system that entails kindness and caring consciousness (Daniels, 2004). In this regard, the nurse reviews the values development between the interaction of the patient and the parents, the values developed through life experiences and values that promote altruistic behaviors towards others. Accordingly, faith-hope is critical in curative and carative processes since the nurse promotes a sense of well-being through highlighting beliefs that are meaningful to the patient (Wills and McEwen, 2002). The third carative factor entails cultivation of sensitivity towards others thus the nurse develops own feelings towards others especially feelings that encourage self-growth and actualization of the patients (Watson, 1999). In this regard, the nurse will promote higher well-being if only he or she establishes person-to-person relationship with the client (Daniels, 2004). The theory also entails the establishment of helpful and trust relationships through constant rapport and efficient communication with the patient. In this regard, empathy and non-verbal communication must be entail empathetic

Globalization and Its Main Characteristics Essay

Globalization and Its Main Characteristics - Essay Example Reich (1998) defined globalization as â€Å"a process through which events, decisions and activities in one part of the world can come to have a significant consequence for individuals and communities in quite distant parts of the globe (Reich, 1998, p.5). It is the process through which economies, societies, and cultures are exchanging their resources for mutual benefits. Moreover it is the process which integrate global network of political, technological, economical and cultural ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. In short, globalization is an effort to bring all the people in this world under one umbrella. This paper analyses the different characteristics of globalization. Globalization succeeded in bringing many social, political and economical changes in the world. It is intended for decreasing the gap between; rich and poor, different religious beliefs, different political and social ideologies etc. Poor countries may have many resources, but they may not have the infrastructure or technological expertise to exploit it. Globalization can help such poor countries to mobilize their resources more effectively with the cooperation from rich countries. For example, it is quite possible that oil resources are available in many of the poor countries. However these countries may not have the technological expertise or financial abilities to explore oil in their coastal regions. Rich countries can help such poor countries in exploring oil resources in their territory as a result of globalization. Thus, both the countries will be benefitted from their mutual cooperation. It is illogical for a poor country to keep their valuable natural resources untouched wh ile striving for progress. According to Lauder et al (2006), many people tempted to think globalization as the â€Å"process of transportation of jobs, ethnic and cultural composition of nations etc from one country to another† (Lauder et al, 2006, p.32).

Evaluation of a New Curriculum Initiative Essay

Evaluation of a New Curriculum Initiative - Essay Example ng, is limited in that it can only assess certain types of knowledge.   For example, you can't test students' reasoning skills very far with giving them multiple choice items on a standardized test other than to know that they gave you the right answer. That doesn't help you very much.   But with a performance assessment of some type, such as an essay question or other assessment where students must create a product or a report of some type (where instructors don't have to "teach to the test"), a lot can be gained about what we call a student's "deep understanding" of the material.   So that is one reason why I think No Child Left Behind is a bad policy; it focuses on high-stakes testing and has left children behind when they really need it, in my opinion.   Unfortunately, standardized test scores are what drive AYP (Adequate Yearly Progress) and keep schools open.   AYP is reached depending on test scores' improvement from last year, from what I understand.   If schools are not making AYP they can be put on Academic Watch Status (AWS), or Academic Early Watch Status (AEWS).   If these schools do not make AYP for a certain number of years, the schools can be restructured or even closed depending upon the number of years your school has or has not made AYP.   So testing is important in this regard.   Currently, the school which is being studied for this curriculum case study, made AYP this past school year but is on Academic Watch Status, for example, so they have to be careful.   Apparently, they have missed making AYP in one of their past years and have to make sure they make it in the future.   2. Socioeconomic and/or Political Factors [405]? Education reform (which turned into NCLB) was a campaign point for Governor Bush in 2000. This law mandates 100% achievement;... Curriculum should follow a philosophy of diversity. Celebrating diversity, according to Ornstein and Hunkins (2008), is very important (pp. 194). My philosophy of diversity encapsulates three key concepts which will serve to make my classroom a welcoming environment for all students to learn and to express themselves accordingly. These concepts which will make my classroom a successful learning environment for diverse learners are the following: promoting inclusivity; celebrating diversity; and, as the teacher, using caretaker language to make students feel comfortable. It is a keystone of my philosophy of diversity that the classroom be a place of inclusiveness—whether my students be Black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, or of mixed race(s) or races not named here, and be of whatever socioeconomic status, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or cultural affiliation—that my students feel that they are equals in my classroom regardle ss of my particular cultural lens. An inclusive philosophy dictates that each student should have the same opportunity to learn the target subject. This includes being cognizant of striving against favoritism, especially based on gender or race. Students who are from lower levels socioeconomically should be given a fair chance to succeed by providing them with the tools they need to succeed in an environment which has typically favored the dominant culture’s hegemonic social strata. A level playing field is key. Stategies include having class materials available such as extra paper and pens. I want students of various national origins and religions to feel comfortable enough to express themselves within the dynamic of their own backgrounds.

Materials Engineering Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Materials Engineering Project - Research Paper Example This paper has also discussed the different applications of titanium alloys and its limitations in different uses in the modern society. Introduction Titanium alloy is a metal that consists of mixture titanium as the main element and other elements. This is done to achieve high toughness and tensile strength. Generally, alloys have extreme temperature resistance, resistance to corrosion and yet they are light in weight. The process of Titanium Alloying involves the allotropic transformation of pure titanium to the cubic beta phase at very high temperatures of 882.50C (Joshi, 2006). Elements used for alloying normally act as stabilizers at beta or alpha phase. However, by using alloying additions, it is possible to have alpha phase coexisting with beta phase at room temperatures. This is the principle behind manufacture of titanium alloys that can withstand high temperatures during heat strengthening. Titanium alloys are classified into three major groups; beta alloys, alpha alloys an d alpha-beta alloys. Alpha is formed by addition of neutral alloying materials as well as alpha stabilizers such as Sn and Aluminum & Oxygen respectively. Beta alloys on the other hand contain enough beta stabilizers that enable such alloys to retain their beta phase even after quenching. The strength of beta alloys can also be increased through subjecting them to solution treatment and aging. The third category of titanium alloys is beta-alpha alloys that contains both beta and alpha stabilizers thus withstand heat treatments at various degrees. It is important to note that the nature of alloy and stabilizers used greatly influence the heat stability, toughness, tensile strength and other mechanical properties. Production of Titanium Alloys Kroll Extraction Process Titanium alloy is made from Titanium metal and other chemical elements. The main production process for titanium metal is called Kroll process. It involves treatment of the main ore known as rutile with chlorine gas in o rder to get a compound known as Titanium tetrachloride. This compound is then purified and reduced by sodium or magnesium to produce metallic titanium sponge. It is the Titanium sponge that undergoes several alloying process that involve heating and melting to produce Titanium Alloys. In this respect, the purity of titanium resulting from Kroll process is therefore critical for alloying process. According to Leyens & Peters (2003), the purity of titanium Produced depends on the purity of the starting material as well as the parameters and treatments. His is because there are several metallic elements that may cause very undesirable impacts even when they are present in small amounts. Melting Process The second stage in the production of titanium alloys is the melting process. Melting process involves combination of extracted Titanium alloy with alloying elements depending on the type of alloy to be produced. There are about five melting processes: induction Skull melting, vacuum arc remelting, plasma arc melting, Electroslag refines and Plasma Arc melting Process (Joshi, 2006). Melting process begins by blending together alloying elements with sponge followed by hydraulic pressing necessary to produce excellent blocks known as briquette. Apart from sponge, other titanium from scroll process such as scrap or Revert can also be used depending on the quality of the final Titanium Alloy

Literature on Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Literature on Holocaust - Essay Example It is also helpful to refer to analysis of the works by each of these authors to help determine how they affected society and how they changed it. Through analysis of several works, elements such as characterization, plot, setting, theme and structure will be studied. The Holocaust coincides with World War II, and was started with Hitler's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 (Saldinger, 6). The original problem, though, began several years earlier. In January of 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, which had a Jewish population of 566,000. Soon after, in March, Hitler was given dictatorial powers. Concentration camps were slowly evolving from the ghettos which they once were, and Jews were gradually being prohibited from a variety of things, including owning land and being newspaper editors. Hitler continued to make alliances with other nations, which eventually helped him to be able to persecute many other people besides those in the lands he ruled (Holocaust Timeline). Several days after the Nazis invade Poland, England and France declare war on Germany, as they wisely chose not to ally with Hitler. February 12, 1940 marked the first deportation of German Jews into Poland, which was already occupied. Two short months later, Denmark and Norway were invaded. Other lands continue to be invaded by Hitler and his Nazi regime, with many Jews being sent to concentration camps to live the last few months of their lives. On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide. On the same day, Americans freed 33,000 people from camps, marking the beginning of the end of the Holocaust (Holocaust Timeline). Memories of the horror of seeing people die every day have remained with all three of the previously mentioned authors. In their writing, they have used a variety of elements to successfully recall these experiences. Elie Wiesel, in particular, is widely known because of his amazing sense of honesty that is displayed through his Night Trilogy. Wiesel did not try to cover the brutality of events that occurred, but rather gave a detailed description so as to leave an acting impression on the reader. However, this impact was not meant to be one of guilt. Instead it was to ensure that readers would not let an event anything like the Holocaust occur again. He used images of young, dying children and adults being burned to death to convey his themes. The novel itself is actually an autobiography, though there are elements of fiction present throughout. After his experiences, Wiesel "dedicated his life to preserving the memory of the Holocaust victims," which proves to be the basis for all of his writing ("Wiesel's Night Recalls the Holocaust, 1956"). Born in Transylvania in 1928, Wiesel received a thorough Jewish education and it was thought by his parents that he would later be a proficient rabbi. In 1944, Nazis invaded his hometown and he was taken to Auschwitz, which is where his gruesome story really began. In the end, Elie and two sisters survived but, along with two hundred thousand other Jews, the rest of his family died. The original version of Wiesel's novel And the World Remained Silent appeared in Yiddish in 1956. Two years later, he translated the book to French and changed the title to Night. Eventually, it was expanded to include two of his other works and became known as the Night Trilogy. In 1960, it was published in English, adding to the eventual list of

The Genetics of Autistic Savants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Genetics of Autistic Savants - Essay Example For one to fall under the classification of a genius, he or she had to attain at least 140 points in the IQ test (Lykken  N. D). Concurrently, there were individuals who, for example, could do rare things such as quickly identifying a particular date of a historic event after reading vast reminders on history once. Others could engage any musical composition after just a distinct introduction to music. These were rare cases and the people who displayed these abilities had characteristics such as lessened aptitude and were dependent on other people for sustenance and general care. Psychologists and researchers classified such populace in a group referred to as autistic savants. It is crucial to note just like Lykken’s indication that autistic savants are remarkable individuals but they are not geniuses. However, their abilities display that the brain can have an outstanding feature such as autism. In Lykken’s report, it is keen to note that children with autistic condi tion behaved in peculiar ways such as showing no interest in their fellow humans’ behavior and actions. Subsequently, they failed to copy various traits like communication and socialization hence poor communication among other characteristics. In 1943, as noted by Trachtman’s â€Å"Background and history of autism in relation to vision care†, Leo Kanner was the first individual to make observations of autistic behavior (Trachtman, 2008). He made a detailed report on the same and renamed the behavior as autistic other than childhood schizophrenia, as it was previously termed. In 1944, Asperger, another distinguished scientists, made similar observations on the same behavior and published his findings in a German-language Journal. It is crucial to note that in Asperger’s report, he described children having milder behavioral disorders on comparison to Kanner’s description on the same ideologies. Recognition, understanding, and communication formed th e triad of deficiencies that children who had autism faced. Autism, since its discovery, has been a condition with peculiar traits and a difficult to find treatment. However, there were various treatments used in earlier years, and they included the use of tranquilizers, LSD, and developmental remediation. Autistic savants, according to Lykken’s report are outstanding individuals who through their characters display a crucial fact about the structure of the brain (Lykken, ND). The topic, â€Å"The genetics of autistic savants†, is of considerable importance, especially in the medical world (Connor, 2010). This is according to Connor in his article, â€Å"Autism and genetics: A breakthrough that sheds light on a medical mystery† (Connor, 2010). Connor explains that scientists have linked autism to DNA thus adding more information as to the causative of the behavioral disorder. In relation to Connor’s article, the link between DNA and autism disorder was a mystery; hence, the topic under focus is important as it tries to explain if the discoveries are linked the cause of autism disorder to DNA (Connor, 2010). In addition to this, the literature review will tend to display the future of autism and DNA. Status Currently, with reference to â€Å"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development†, autism is a neurobiological development disorder that prevails throughout a person’

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion - Coursework Example In addition, it is better than the parole because statements are allowed at the sentencing hearing. During reporting, the victim impact statements are to be incorporated in the pre-sentence report. Although the statements should be either written or oral, there is room for videotape, audiotape, or any other electronic device. This gives great opportunities for the victim to provide information to the court. The parole board does not guarantee a persons release when summoned for the board scrutiny. The person must be reviewed, and the board must find him worthy being among the people in the society. They are very particular on information concerning the inmate, which range from personal to communal interrelationship. The board must consider the age, mental stability, and remorse for the offence. If an offender agrees to the terms, of these three, they are checked further on the conduct during incarceration, and the time served on the current offence. Lastly, the board confirms on the rehabilitative progress, and guarantees the offender freedom if they have passed all those

The resistance in a piece of wire Essay Example for Free

The resistance in a piece of wire Essay Also if the atoms in the material are more closely packed then the electrons will have more frequent collisions and the resistance will increase. I will use Nichrome only. 4 Density of wire- In a higher density wire there will be a higher resistance because there will be more fixed ions and more collisions. 5 Temperature of wire- If the wire is heated up the atoms in the wire will start to vibrate because of their increase in energy. This causes more collisions between the electrons and the atoms as the atoms are moving into the path of the electrons. This increase in collisions means that there will be an increase in resistance. 6 Shape of wire- the wire will be straight and taped to a meter rule, the shape of the wire may increase the resistance. 7 Voltage of 2 volts- I will have to keep a constant voltage because if the voltage changes then the resistance will change. The equation for resistance = voltage / current. If voltage increases, resistance increases. Apparatus The apparatus I will need to perform this experiment will be: 1 Power pack (2volts) 2 Ammeter 3 Voltmeter 4 6 wires 5 2 crocodile clips 6 Meter rule 7 Masking tape 8 Board marker Circuit diagram Method I have chosen to take a range of 10 lengths. I have chosen a range of 10 as to plot an accurate graph I will need at least 10 points to mark on the graph. The lengths that I have chosen are as follows: 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40 cm, 50cm, 60cm, 70cm, 80cm, 90cm and 100cm. I have chosen these lengths because the meter ruler can easily measure them and enough results to make a firm conclusion. To change the length of the Nichrome wire during the experiment I will tape down 1 meter of Nichrome 32 swg wire to a meter rule. I will then connect the 2 crocodile clips different distances apart using the measurements on the meter rule. The wire will be attached at X in the circuit. In my experiment I will find the current in the circuit using an ammeter and I will find the voltage in the wire using a voltmeter. I will take these two readings so I can then calculate the resistance using the equation resistance = voltage / current. I want to make my experiment as accurate as possible so I want to produce repeat readings so that I can find an average resistance. I will be using a variable resistor in my experiment to produce these repeat readings. I will draw 4 equally spaced points on the variable resistor with a board marker. To get my repeat readings I will move the variable resistor to these 4 points and get four readings for each length. After I have found the average resistance for each length of wire I will produce a graph showing the average resistance against the length of the wire. I will draw on my graph a line of best fit and then from this I will be able to see if my prediction was correct and if the resistance does increase when the length of wire increases. 1. Set up a circuit as shown above. Set the power pack at a constant voltage of 2 volts. 2. At X in the circuit the wire will be placed. I will first connect the crocodile clips 100cm apart. Then turn the voltmeter and ammeter on and ensure the variable resistor is set at the first point. 3. Now turn on the power pack and record the first results shown on the ammeter and voltmeter. I must take the first results because the results may change due to overheating if the power pack is left on. Now turn off the power pack. 4. To take my repeat reading of 100cm I will then move the slider on the variable resistor to the second marked point. I will now turn on the power pack and record the first result shown on the ammeter and voltmeter. 5. I will continue taking my repeat readings and moving the variable resistor along and recording the results for 100cm. 6. I will then change the length of wire to 90cm by moving the crocodile clips and i will set the variable resistor at the first point. Then I will turn on the power pack and record the first set of results. I will take 4 repeat readings for each length of Nichrome wire. 7. I will record 4 repeat readings for each length of Nichrome wire until I have results for all 10 lengths. Results table Length (cm) Repeat number Voltage (volts) Current (amps) Resistance (? ) Average 17. 82 I have put in bold any anomalous results. Analysing and considering evidence Conclusion From my graph I can tell that my prediction was correct. As the length increases the resistance increases, a piece of 20cm wire has a resistance of 3.8 ? and a piece of 30cm wire has a resistance of 5. 6 ?. This is because a longer piece of wire has a higher resistance because in a longer piece of wire there are more collisions between the electrons and the metal ions. In every successful collision energy is lost from the electron to the wire ions. The result is that the voltage of the wire increases. Because the equation for resistance is resistance = voltage / current, the resistance then increases. From my line of best I can also tell that as the length doubles the resistance always almost doubles too. A piece of 20cm wire has a resistance of 3.8 ? and a piece of 40cm wire has a resistance of 7. 4 ?. Double 3. 8 ? is 7. 6 ? this is almost double but not quite probably because my experiment was not quite accurate. A piece of wire 30cm long had a resistance of 5. 6 ? and a piece of wire 60cm long has a resistance of 11. 1 ?. This is also almost double, double 5. 6 ? is 11. 2 ?. The resistance doubles as the length doubles because there can be double the amount of successful collisions so double the amount of energy is lost causing the voltage to double and so the resistance doubles. Key Electron Metal ion Predicted results Length (cm)Predicted resistance ( ? ) Actual resistance ( ? ) Difference ( ? ) 1All of my results were quite close to my predicted results but as the length increases my predicted resistances become less accurate. This could have been for several reasons that are mentioned in my evaluation but probably as my experiment went on the wire overheated so my results became less accurate. Evaluating My method of collecting my results worked quite well. I gained the results I expected from my experiment. The quality of my evidence was good. My line of best fit went through almost all of my points on my graph and was quite similar to my predicted line of best. I did have some anomalous results. When I experimented with 10cm of Nichrome wire my fourth repeat readings was quite different to the other readings. It had a resistance 0. 87 ? that was the lowest repeat readings for 10cm. The second lowest was 1. 80 ? , this is quite a lot more than the anomalous result. When investigating which 30cm of Nichrome wire I had another anomalous result that was 6. 48 ? , the third repeat reading. This was the biggest repeat reading. The second largest was only 5. 89 ?. This could have been because:   I left the power pack on too long. This causes the wire to overheat.   When I was measuring the lengths of the Nichrome wire my measurements might have been slightly inaccurate. The rulers used might not have been exact and it was difficult to get an accurate reading of length by eye as the wire was not completely straight. Also the ruler may have been of different thicknesses throughout the length. This would have contributed as a slight error in my results.   The ammeter and voltmeter could have been slightly faulty and not given me correct, accurate readings. I connected the wire into the circuit using crocodile clips. These were quite loose and so this could have made my results less accurate. If I improved my method I could either attach the wires with tape but this may affect my results so instead I could solder the Nichrome wire into my circuit. It was difficult to adjust the variable resistor slider accurately only by eye. If I did the investigation again I could try to and adjust the variable resistor accurately I will use an advanced digital variable resistor.   I also found it difficult to measure exact lengths against the meter rule because the crocodile clips didnt clip on to the wire very securely. If I did the investigation again I could pre cut all the lengths of wire before the experiment instead of just connecting the crocodile clips at different distances apart on the meter rule. To further my investigation I could use the same method but increase the range of lengths. I could use lengths of up to 3 meters. I could take readings from lengths at smaller intervals; I could take reading every 5cm instead of every 10cm as I did. I could also take more repeat readings to get a even more accurate average. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Learning English In The Vietnamese Context

Learning English In The Vietnamese Context English has become a vital and mandatory communication language in Vietnam since the opening of its doors to the world in 1986. Many English-speaking foreigners from across Asia, Australia, America and Europe started coming to invest in Vietnam. This has motivated the people of Vietnam to learn English to facilitate efficient and effective communication among their counterparts. The importance of English was immediately acknowledged by the Vietnamese government and as a result the English language programs were made compulsory beginning with the secondary schools and subsequently the high schools and finally university. The teaching of English in secondary and high schools strongly focus mainly on grammar, sentence structures and vocabulary. In such a teaching format, conversational English was not taken into consideration. In addition, English learning and teaching is purely examination-based. Examinations were mainly grammar-focused. As a result, the teachers and academicians teach only the bare necessity which is required to pass the examination and is not linked to the learning needs of individual students. This has caused students to become de-motivated because English is just another subject at school, not part of their life. Many students eventually fail to see the importance and pride in being able to speak fluent English. At university level, students who are motivated to develop their competencies in English can pursue a Bachelorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s degree in English Language Teaching or a Bachelor of English degree. After graduation, they can work as teachers of English within the Vietnamese education system or as an English translator/interpreter depending on their capacity and proficiency. Students in these programs normally study for four years, course subjects among others include lessons about language structures, linguistics and teaching methodology. While this may sound theoretically sufficient, the learning and teaching of English in Vietnam today is purely limited to teacher-focused classrooms or in other words teaching methods that do not create opportunities for learners to satisfy their communicative needs. The English syllabus in Vietnam is very Grammar-focused. Therefore, it is very difficult for Vietnamese learners to communicate fluently and effectively in English sinc e it is rarely spoken in Vietnam with the exception of some special places and events such as offices of multinational corporations and English language clubs. In fact you will hardly see Vietnamese speak English unless absolutely necessary. This is a far cry from neighboring countries like Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines where English is spoken even during casual conversations with friends and family. In recent years, the teaching methodologies of English has been through an enormous amount of changes and improvements especially in the areas of how the communicative approach is being widely applied and integrated into the English learning language classrooms. In classrooms of today, we see more and more learner response taking place. As a result, the English curriculum has also been revamped to generate youths which are able to communicate holistically in English and not merely in grammar theories. Problem statement The result of poor learning and ineffective teaching methodologies of English in Vietnamese classrooms today (due to the lack of genuine communication experience and examination à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ centric lessons) are generating many students that achieve relatively good grades in their exams but on the other hand unable to communicate effectively in the real world. According to Cunningham Una (2009) Vietnamese-accented speech in English has been informally observed to be notably unintelligible for native English-speaking listeners and even for Vietnamese listeners. There are extremely limited opportunities for proper hearing and speaking of English in Vietnam. It is undeniable that the pronunciation of English presents severe challenges to Vietnamese learners but they were not trained on how to pronounce English phonetics accurately and nobody corrected their mispronunciations in the early years of learning English. In addition, students mainly learn English pronunciation from Vietnamese English teachers who sometimes encounter difficulties themselves. Students are likely to imitate their teachersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ pronunciation. This is somehow a kin to the Blind man leading another Blind man across the street. The concern here is that we are unsure if Vietnamese students can recognize common pronunciation errors which they make on a regular basis. The purpose of the study This paper explores to what extent Vietnamese learners recognize common pronunciation errors in their spoken English and the reasons why they do not or are unable to correct their own mistakes. Suggestions will be made on how to improve the methods of teaching and correcting English pronunciation flaws in the Vietnamese context. The significance of the study This study will paint honest picture of the difficulties in learning and improving the English pronunciation of Vietnamese students. The students will have opportunity to self-assess their own English speech and recognize their mispronunciation with support from a native English-speaker. In the event a native speaker is unavailable, an equally competent and qualified speaker of English will be invited to observe and act as a point of reference. The scope of the study The primary focus of this study is to present an overview on the major difference between English and Vietnamese phonology and the capacity of a Vietnamese speaker to recognize common English pronunciation errors in his/her own speech. The students for this study will consist of English Language undergraduate students from the Foreign Languages Faculty at the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City. The correlation between theory and practice in the learning of English pronunciation will also be studied. The study will contribute some suggestions that will further enhance the accuracy in pronouncing the English phonetics. Methodology The experiment will be conducted using qualitative methods. The speech of three students during a speaking test at the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City will be recorded and analyzed. All three students will get to listen to their own speech again respectively to see if they are able identify their pronunciation errors. A native/competent English speaker will also get listen to the studentsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ speech to identify their mistakes in pronunciation.

Analysis of the Greenwich Primary Care Trust

Analysis of the Greenwich Primary Care Trust A report describing and analysing the public health contribution of an organisation or initiative of your choice. Greenwich Primary Care Trust Introduction The contribution to public health made by an organisation or agency can be evaluated in relation to a number of features. These can be the range and scope of activities, the relevance for the local area, the effectiveness of the interventions, and their foundation within the boundaries of evidence-based practice. However, public health can also be measured in relation to how well the agency addresses key aspects of public health, including inequalities in health, what these constitute and their impact, and what is being done to address specific inequalities. In addition, known areas of public health need can be assessed in terms of progress made so far and amount of services provided to meet identified targets. This report explores the public health contribution provided by Greenwich Primary Care Trust in their The annual Public Health Report 2007 2008. In this report, which introduces itself using the following frames of reference, â€Å"providing the most up-to-date and local information; thinking ahead as the population is due to grow and change; and making evidence-based recommendations to help prioritise local actions on the key health challenges for the borough† (GPCT, 2008 p 3). Discussion Public health is generally focused on significant health factors and issues which are important to the wider population, rather than to the individual, and impact upon society and social structures and social life, not just on the lives of single people (Pomerleau and McKee, 2005; Orme et al, 2007). Pomerlau and McKee (2005) describe public health as â€Å"the science and art of promoting health and preventing disease through the organized efforts of society† ( p 7). Therefore, it is not surprising that the report focuses very much on language surrounding the identification of key elements of public health which are subject to health promotion within the locality, as being the specific focus of the Trust. Pomerleau and McKee (2005) cite the Ottawa Charter which was concerned with building healthy public policy; creating supportive environments; strengthening community actions; developing personal skills; reorienting health services ; and demonstrating commitment to health prom otion (p 9). These could be considered as signposts to understanding the value of a public health policy published by a specific agency. The report is a clear, detailed and comprehensive report clearly and effectively outlining key areas for health which are viewed as priorities. These include: Improving mental health (especially depression); Reducing cardiovascular disease (chiefly heart attacks and strokes); and reducing cancers (especially lung, bowel, prostate and breast) (GPCT, 2008). The report provides statistics on morbidity and mortality for the borough which demonstrate that in relation to health and disability over the lifespan, these are the most significant health problems and the ones which are, it can be assumed, most urgently requiring attention. All of these foci are very much about health promotion, but when looked at in the context of what is known about these kinds of diseases, all of the other elements of the Ottawa Charter cited above can be seen to affect these health issues. In line with health promotion principles, the report does focus on living longer, on quality of life, and on wellbeing issues, all of which are laudable in relation to public health because they relate both to the individual, and individual desires, and to the aspects of public health which will support and benefit the state (Iphofen, 2003). One of the drawbacks, however, of such a sweeping approach to public health policy, however, is seen in this report as frequently as it is seen in the national, governmental health promotion campaigns, that of over-simplification, and, arguably unconscious, marginalisation of certain individuals. For example, the report, like government public health campaigns, does not take enough notice of the individual fac tors which not only influence health but are not so easy to eradicate, such as the genetic factors influencing health and health behaviours (Hall, 1951). In relation to health promotion in the key health areas identified, the report does acknowledge the issues of lifestyle factors and socio-economic factors affecting health and disease, morbidity and mortality. The report states that both current and historic socio-economic factors, and the diversity of the local population, especially in relation to ethnicity, are considered significant in relation to the most important public health issues. There is a wide range of literature which links social life, socio-economic status and health, and which demonstrates that those who experience inequalities in health are those who are most disadvantaged in social and economic life (Bury and Gabe, 2004). It is also well known that health inequalities increase as the gap between advantage and disadvantage widens, and that certain social or cultural groups are more likely to experience disadvantage and the concomitant inequalities in health (Freund et al, 2003). GPCT (2008) acknowledge this, and fo cus on some important social groups as most suffering disadvantage in the locality, including Black African and Irish populations. They argue that their policies have been designed to demonstrate â€Å"greater targeting of groups at greatest risk of poor health outcomes, and working with these groups to develop approaches that will really work, with a particular focus on the Black African and Irish populations in the borough who have poor outcomes across the major causes of early death and ill health† (p 7). The report also addresses a range of ethnic issues and differences in health. However, it does not go far enough in describing and discussing policy responses to these issues, and to outlining constructive ways to make real progress in these areas. Plenty of literature shows the ethnicity based inequalities in health and the spectrum of disadvantage related to ethnic diversity (Spector, 2002). These kinds of inequalities, which are often racially demarcated, are reflected in global communities, and are no new occurrence (Goeslin et al, 2004). Yet there are ongoing discussions about the ability to address such problems through public health initiatives, even with the inclusion of and best use of healthy public policy (Bury and Gabe, 2004; Pomerleau and McKee (2005). Issues which continue to reflect the cross-sectorial problems surrounding public health include homelessness and poverty (Ryan and Sarikoudis, 2003). The report does address the statistics around economic inequalities and poverty, showing that the borough has a higher proportion of people in lower-paid occupations, which significantly impacts on health. It also addresses some specific issues which emerge from the social health spectrum, including sexual health and young people (Bergmann and Scott, 2001). The report does focus on behavioural aspects of health, and illness, across specific social groups, including young people’s health. Some of the issues presented are similar to those found nationally and internationally, including teenage pregnancy and teenage social isolation (Bergmann and Scott, 2001; Goesling and Firebaugh, 2004). However, there is very little focus on, for example, homelessness as a public health issue, one which affects many of the key points which are being raised in the report. Shah and Cook (2001) for example, show that in one of the key indices of cardiovascular disease, that of hypertension, factors influencing this disease the most are not socioeconomic status but actually social isolation, and homelessness is one of the most severe forms of social isolation that exists in our society. The report cites a number of initiatives which have positively affected health and wellbeing within the borough, but it does not really present any radical or innovative initiatives to address what are ongoing, predictable and somewhat repetitive and recurrent health and lifestyle issues which impact upon morbidity and mortality. There is a great need for different approaches to public health which build upon existing knowledge and incorporate, perhaps, more concrete information. For example, including service user input in the collection, analysis and use of these kinds of data, and in the development of public health policy, should be a significant part of public health activities such as these, and should feature more strongly in these kinds of reports. Yet models of health and social care continue to exclude the patient voice, though in this circumstance it may be complicated by the ethnic and cultural diversity fo the borough (Gagliardi et al, 2008). Conclusion The report discussed identifies the specific public health concerns of this London borough, and demonstrates not only what the most challenging issues are, but how the public health data of mortality and morbidity statistics intersect with some of the socio-economic and cultural statistics of the area. It identifies key areas for health promotion, but does not go far enough in addressing individual differences and the genetic factors which can complicate sweeping statements about causal and affecting factors in health and illness. It demonstrates that public health policies must be focused on local need, and that ongoing concerns are cardiovascular disease, mental illness and cancer. All of these are related to lifestyles, and therefore public health policy also relates to social policy. However, the links between these two could be made much clearer. References Bergman MM, and Scott J (2001) Young adolescents wellbeing and health-risk behaviours: gender and socio-economic differences. Journal of Adolescence. 24, 2, 183-197 Bury, M. and Gabe, J. (2004) The Sociology of Health and Illness: A Reader. London: Routledge. Carr, S.M. (2007) Leading change in public health – factors that inhibit and facilitate energizing the process. Primary Health Care Research and Development. 8 207-215. Freund, P., McGuire, M. Podhurst, L. (2003). Health, Illness and the Social Body London. Gagliardi, A.R., Lemieux-Charles, L, Brown, A.D. et al (2008) Barriers to patient involvement in health service planning and evaluation: An exploratory study. Patient Education and Counseling 70 (2) 234-241. Goesling, B. and Firebaugh, G. (2004) The Trend in International Health Inequality Population and Development Review 30 (1) 131–146. Hall, C.S. (1951) The genetics of behavior. In Stevens, S.S. (ed.), Handbook of Experimental Psychology, 1st ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA 304-329. Harding, G. Taylor, K. (2002) Social Determinants of Health and Illness The Pharmaceutical Journal 269 485-487. Iphofen, R. (2003) Social and individual factors influencing public health. In: Costello, J. Haggart, M. (2003). Public Health and Society Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Orme J, Powell J, Taylor P and Grey M (2007) Public health for the 21st century (second edition) (Chapter 1.) Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Pomerleau J, Mckee M (eds) (2005) Issues in Public Health Milton Keynes: Open University Press Ryan, A. Sarikoudis, V. (2003). ‘The Social Model of Health, Bridging the Gap between the health and homelessness sectors’. Paper Presented at the Third National Homelessness Conference. Shah, S. and Cook, D.G. (2001) Inequalities in the treatment and control of hypertension: age, social isolation and lifestyle are more important than economic circumstances. Journal of Hypertension. 19 (7) 1333-1340. Spector, R.E. (2002) Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness Journal of Transcultural Nursing 13 197.

Civil Disobedience: Are We Morally Obliged to Obey Unjust Laws? Essay

Are we morally obliged to obey even unjust laws? This moral question addresses what we commonly know as civil disobedience. In order to properly discuss civil disobedience and whether or not it is moral to disobey laws, we must first characterize civil disobedience. In Peter Singer's book, Practical Ethics he begins to characterize civil disobedience as arising from "ethical disagreement" and raising the question of whether "to uphold the law, even if the law protects and sanctions things we hold utterly wrong?" (Singer 292). Henry David Thoreau wrote an essay entitled Civil Disobedience that was published in 1854 in the collection of essays called Walden; or Life in the Woods. Thoreau first wrote of civil disobedience in opposition to the Mexican War, but his words still hold truth and meaning for us today. In Civil Disobedience Thoreau explains his ideas about government and whether or not we should obey laws that do not appear to the individual to be moral. Thoreau recognizes that there can be abuse to government, and simply because something is passed as law, does not make it right. He says: The government itself, which is only the mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is equally liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it (Thoreau 1). With civil disobedience, we are discussing government and the law, and if we should uphold laws, even when they are not morally right and how, if we are to go against the law, should we do that? We should not have to obey laws that are unjust, but we also must look at each individual instance where injustice is occurring and carefully determine how to act. Civil disobedience must remain civil and not become violent. If disobedi... ...ly enough said, that a corporation has no conscience; but a corporation of conscientious men is a corporation with a conscience. Law never made a man a whit more just; and by means of respect for it, even the well disposed are made the agents of injustice (Thoreau 2). Violence is hard to justify when discussing civil disobedience. The whole idea behind civil disobedience is that it is a way to bring attention to an injustice without causing harm to others. Bibliography # Singer, Peter.Practical Ethics. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. 1993. # Thoreau, Henry David.Civil Disobedience and Other Essays. Dover Publications, Inc. Dover Thrift Editions. 1993 # The Sevagram Ashram. http://www.mkgandhi.org/sevagram/default.htm # People v Pitts. Michigan No. 186260. LC No. 95-003317. 1997. http://www.milawyersweekly.com/micoa/186260.HTM

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder There are many factors to consider in the evaluation and treatment of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This paper will discuss the strategies that have proven most effective in treating the disorder, including: drug therapy, cognitive therapy, and family-based therapy. It will focus on the benefits of flexibility, emphasizing combination therapy, especially with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has become an increasingly familiar disorder within the world of health and medicine. The recurring obsessions and compulsions associated with the disorder seem quite easy to identify, yet the acknowledgement of OCD in children had been overlooked for quite some time. Many people believe â€Å"that children have no reason to develop depression or anxiety disorder such as OCD† (Wiznitzer, 2003). Diagnoses and treatment of OCD patients has only recently shifted from adults to children. Some of the most important questions facing psychologists studying OCD today are how to determine which children suffer from OCD and what treatments most effectively reduce or eliminate their symptoms. Researchers have offered that by applying some of the information learned from treating adults, our understanding of the disorder in children may improve immensely. With the majority of psychologists agreeing with this proposal, OCD has gained a large amount of attention in the last couple of decades. Recent studies have estimated that â€Å"the condition is 2 to 20 times more common than previously thought and has been the catalyst for research activity in the area† (Waters, 2000). Though this heightened attention is good news for suffering children, it has not been as helpful as originally expected. A number of unnecessary drug-based therapies have been implemented in an attempt to meet the increasing demand of OCD treatment. Many of these drugs have proved successful in treating anxiety disorders; however, many OCD cases require more complex treatments. Many could benefit from several alternative forms of OCD treatment, such as family oriented treatments and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Unfortunately, the advantages of combining these methods with drug therapy have nearly been overlooked in the scramble for easy answers. â€Å"Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has emerged as a s... ... important to realize that OCD varies in type and severity, so treatment will vary in their effectiveness. â€Å"Whatever is tried, it is important to urge flexibility, as a combination of drug and behavioral treatment may be needed† (Rapoport, 2000). Recent studies such as the ERP and RIDE approve and recommend CBT in treating OCD. They also emphasize the importance of flexibility in successfully treating the disorder. Many cases may benefit best from a combination of drug and behavioral treatment. Bibliography Rapoport, J., & Inoff-Germain, G. (2000). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 41(4), 419-431. Steinberger, K. (2002). Classification of OCD in children and adolescence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavic, 106(2), 97-102. Wagner, A. (2003). CBT for Children and adolescents with OCD. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention. 3(3). 291-306. Waters, T., & Barret, P. (2000). The role of the family in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 3(3), 173-184. Wiznitzer, M. (2003). Why do psychiatric drug research in children? Lancet, 361(9364). 1147-1148.

Margaret Atwoods Surfacing Essay -- Margaret Atwood Surfacing Essays

Margaret Atwood's 'Surfacing' Throughout the book the narrator constantly intertwines the past and present as though it is side by side. Atwood shows this in the opening sentence ‘’I can’t believe I’m on this road again’’. The use of the adjective ‘again’ reveals the narrator has been in this place in an earlier life. The narrator seems to repress a lot of her past and continuously contradicts herself, which at times confuses the reader as we can not tell whether she is talking about her past or her present and whether she regards it as home as she says ‘’Now were on home ground foreign territory’’. This links in with one of the key divisions in the story between the Americans and the Canadians that is portrayed throughout the book. This paradoxical declarative reveals that the protagonist feels she should belong there but feels detached from this childhood place, suggesting she may feel alienated from this place revealing something oppressive about this home ground. Also David is the key person who emphasizes this division between the Americans and Canadians. On page three David stresses ‘’Bloody fascist pig Yanks’’, reiterating the stereotypical Canadian disliking of the Americans, using his usual hostile, aggressive language. Ironically David seems to be the fascist pig being the unpleasant chauvinistic pig. The use of the adjective ‘foreign’ links in with the division of language between French and English that we see later in the book. In chapter 2 we see that there is a clear division between the narrator and any emotions. We see that the narrator is emotionally detached from her husband and her child as she â€Å"left him in the city, that would be perfectly true, only it was different city; he... ...ust them, I can’t think of anyone else I like better, but right now I wish they weren’t here†. This shows that the narrator is showing her regrets for bringing them with her reiterating her distrust in them. We also begin to see the narrators distrust in those who are closest to her, her family. When she begins to reminisce on the past she refers to her family with the third person pronoun â€Å"they† for example when she says â€Å"they used to go over it as fast a possible† then later realizes this mistake she is making and states â€Å"that won’t work, I can’t call them ‘they’ as if they were somebody else’s family†. However the tables are turned as we the readers begin to realize that it is the protagonist that we are unable to trust. This is due to the protagonist’s constant self contradictions and self corrections as she says â€Å"my husband, my former husband†.

Pleasantville Essay

David and Jennifer lead different high school social lives. Jennifer is shallow and extroverted. David is introverted and spends most of his time watching televisions. One evening while their mother is away, they fighting over the TV. Jennifer wants to watch a concert but David wants to watch a marathon of the Pleasantville. During the fight, the remote control breaks and TV cannot be turned on manually. When the mysterious TV repairmen show up to quizzes David about the Pleasantville and gives him a strange remote control. David and Jennifer resume fighting right after the repairman leaves, however they are somehow transported into Pleasantville living room. David and Jennifer must pretend they are Bud and Mary Sue, the son and daughter of the show. David tell Jennifer they must stay in character and do not disrupt the lives of the town, who does not know any difference between Bud and Sue to David and Jennifer. David and Jennifer have to fix in the show, but Jennifer doesn’t like lives they has in Pleasantville and David love the roles he play as Bud. Jennifer was a popular girl in high school, and she never focus on school but her boyfriend. David always focus on school and the Pleasantville show. David doesn’t have much reaction to show like Jennifer. David always wanted his life as Pleasantville show. Jennifer went along with her role as Mary Sue but she changes her roles a little. Jennifer changes the Pleasantville by having sex with her boyfriend that made him color. Jennifer didn’t play her role exactly the way she supposed to, but David plays his perfect role as Bud. He went along with the Pleasantville until Jennifer start changing her role as Mary Sue. She shows them how her lives were as Jennifer not Mary Sue. When people starting become color, they freak out; they didn’t know what was happening to them. Jennifer and David started showing the Pleasantville village people about their lives outside of Pleasantville, about how they are color and things they have outside of village. The end of Pleasantville, people reaction became angry about people and village changes. David started changing people feeling in the court, David show them about how emotion feel and once emotional get in them, they start changing color and feeling reaction toward to others. David and Jennifer reaction has changes a little from beginning of the movie. David wanted play his roles as Bud, until he found out about the changes with his mother and his boss. David helps his family by showing everybody about the emotion and their lives outside of Pleasantville. David didn’t want his live as Bud, he miss his lives at home with his mother. Jennifer reaction has change a little, she didn’t play her role as Mary Sue. She hasn’t changed her lives outside of Pleasantville to inside of the village. Jennifer realizes that she like her life as Mary Sue and Pleasantville has changed her to become better person. End of the Pleasantville David went home while Jennifer stay in the village to enjoy her life.

Micro Environment

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Problem Backg lap there atomic list 18 more(prenominal) or less(prenominal) three billion batch, fr natural actional of the worlds population, living on the income of less than two dollars a day. Among these deplor adequate to(p) communities, unity child in quint does non weather to see his or her fifth birthday. One ponder in 2006 showed that the ratio of the income between the 5% richest and 5% distressingest of the population is 74 to 1 as compared to the ratio in 1960, which was 30 to 12.To put up international information, the United Nations Organization (UNO) announce the millennium incurment goals,aimed to eradicate meagerness by 2015. In this regard, little pay is the form of fiscal emergence that has its primary aim to lenify the pauperization. Governments, donors and NGOs around the world responded enthusiastic exclusivelyy with plans and promised to figure divulge together towards the realization of these goals.In t he recognition of microfinance, the UNO storied the grade 2005 as a year of micro- mention, as a result this finance putz is perceived worldwide as a very(prenominal) offspringive stand for a contactst hunger and privation, gener solely(a)y in underdeveloped countries. littlefinance is a address methodology, which employs effective confirmative substitute for short-change-term and on the job(p) gravid contributes to micro-entrepreneurs. The level of a rustics privation has long been linked with measures of its economical discip note of hand. Little traination was given to the hearty re composition of the natural resources (e. empowerment vs. noncitizen ation of concourse, sustainable give vs. depletion of the environment). The economies with positive egress rate of Gross National mathematical merchandise (GNP) were measured by their exiguity mitigation. This gratitude evince on the achievement of wealth and applied science as a highway for development and assumed that remediated lives for every last(predicate) would be the natural consequence. microfinance is non a sunrise(prenominal) development. or so developed countries as well up as exploitation countries factoricularly in Asia hav e a long chronicle of microfinance.During the octadeenth and nineteenth centimeuries, in look of European countries, microfinance evolved as a lawsuit of the in statuesque banking for the abject. Informal finance and self-help hurl been at the constituteation of microfinance in Europe. The early explanation of microfinance in Ire arrive end be traced post to 18th century. It is a history of how self-help led to fiscal innovation, legal bread and butter and conductive regulation, and creating a mass microfinance work. further the unpleasant regulations prompted by commercial bankin g brought it d induce.The so-called Irish give pecuniary resource appeared in early eighteenth as charities, initially financed from donated res ources and pop the questioning interest put down contributes. They were soon replaced by fiscal mediation between savers and borrowers. imparts were granted on shortterm basis and instalments were scheduled on weekly basis. To enforce the generatement, monitoring border was employ. In Latin America and second Asia, the microfinance has grown out of experiments, but the known start was in Bangladesh in 1976, pursuance a wide mobilize famine in 1974 and a hard-fought war of e missionary post in 1971.Its stock certificate can be traced back to 1976, when Muhammad Yunus mint up the Grameen vernacular, as an experiment, on the outskirts of Chittagong University campus in the village of Jobra. The ambition of Grameen fix came to Muhammad Yunus mind when he contribute the equiva contribute of $26 to $42 to put-upon women who were workings as bamboo furniture aimr. He saw that, they were enthusiastic about it and stipendiary back their brings on meter.In the beginning , Muhammad Yunus foc utilize the activities of Grameen verify principal(prenominal)ly on nest egg and miniscule imparts, and decided to put the interest rank high enou gh to cover the expenses. Finally just importantly, he asked borrowers to organize themselves in solidarity groups of quintet commonwealth (who adopt to fall in two(prenominal) week in order to repay their brings and to ex change their opinions). Inspired by the success of his experiment, he decided to spread out this body to oppo order villages in Bangladesh. In 1983, this institution became a bank.Today it operates in al approximately 36000 villages and serves more than 3500000 multitude. On thirteenth October 2006, the Nobel Peace Prize went to Muhammad Yunus and Gramen entrust, the microfinance institution he founded 30 years ago. Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to trans juvenile hallucinations into practical action for the get of sensation million millions of plurality, non only in Bangladesh, but as well as in mevery an(prenominal) other countries. Loans to light people without any financial security had appeared to be an inconceivable idea. 2 Eventually we are in a situation, in which Muhammad Yunus, the founder of Grameen Bank, tells us the goal spread of micro-credit and finance, which give us the hope, may be our great-grandchildren allow for go to museums to see what scantness was handle. This report is about microfinance and its contribution to the procession and poverty reliever for millions of the uglyest people of Bangladesh. Micro finance has a huge affect on the lives of millions of scummy people..Numerous scholars and NGOs carry been working to take microfinance indoors the reach of poor people, who are unflurried not benefited by the conventional financial system. It was believed that microfinance is not important for all people but most groups can benefit from this idea. In this report, we try to pre sent evince of the important contributions made by microfinance in the eradication of poverty by change magnitude the income generating activities, empowerment of poor people to advance development emoluments much(prenominal)(prenominal) as health and upbringing, and diminution in vulner king. 1. 2 Problem StatementIn the light of problem, background leads to the followers problem statement, daze of Microcredit on poverty backup man of the poor people in Bangladesh 1. 3 Objectives of the tuition To be meaningful, every work must hurl to hypothesize the marks of the study. In the light of the topic of the report, the fair game of this study is to show how microcredit works, by utilize group lending methodology for bring down poverty and how it effects the living measuring (income, saving access to health and education, and so on ) of the poor people in Bangladesh. 1. 4 Methodology of the studyData & information are in the rootage place collected from substitute sources. We have apply several books, seek literatures, articles, journals and report, as secondary sources for our study. Internet sources were also utilise as a secondary source for our report. Since the lucre sources are less received, we have especial(a) the use of those sources to the web pages of prominent organizations manage Grameen Bank. Most of the sources, we tried to use, are reliable and are acceptable almost everywhere. Nevertheless, from them we had to guide the most appropriate literature for our report.For this reason, we had to go d one(a) numerous references related to this topic, to interpret the suitable materials. Besides these, Google Scholars were also utilise to find the suitable research material. The keywords utilise when searching for scientific articles and literatures were microcredit, microcredit and Bangladesh, poverty reduction and microcredit, Muhammad Yunus and microcredit,living standards and microcredit and so on 1. 5 Limitations Du e to dearth of time, the accuracy of information may not have been completely flawless. 1. Definitions and Key Concepts Microcredit It is a component of microfinance and is the extension of keen adds to entrepreneurs, who are too poor to qualify for traditionalistic bank contributes. Especially in developing countries, micro-credit enables very poor people to shut away in self-employment tolerates that generate income, thus allowing them to improve the standard of living for themselves and their families. pauperisation privation is a condition in which a soulfulness of a commumity is deprived of the grassroots essentials and necessities for a minimum standard of living.Since poverty is understood in many senses, the elementary essentials may be material resources such as food, safe dringking water and shelter, or they may be amicable resources such as access to information, education, health palm, social status, political power, or the opportunity to develop meaningfu l connections with other people in society. According to the field Banks (1980 ) comment of poverty, condition of animateness so characterized by malnutrition, illiteracy, and disease as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human decency. Extreme pauperization/ living PovertyExtreme poverty is the most severe state of poverty, where people can not digest their elementary involve for survival, such as food, water, clothing, shelter, sanitation, education and health care. Eradication of extremum poverty and hunger by 2015 is a Millennium developing Goal set by UNO. To determine the number of organic poor people around the world, the arena Bank characterizes extreme poverty as living on the day- later-day income of US $1 or less. It has been estimated that around 1. 1 billion people currently live under these conditions. Moderate povertyIt indicates the condition where people earns about $ 1 to $2 a day, which enables categorys to just barely meet their basic needs, b ut they still have go for many of the other things education, health care that many of us take for granted. recounting Poverty It government agency that a residehold has an income below the national average income. Micro finance Institutions (MFIs) A microfinance institution is an or ganization, engaged in extending micro credit loans and other financial services to poor borrowers for income generating and self-employment activities.An MFI is commonly not a classify of the formal banking industry or government. It is usually referred to as a NGO (Non-Government Organization). Chapter 2 Theoritical Framework 2. 1 What is microcredit? Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to the unemployed, to poor entrepreneurs and to others living in poverty who are not considered bankable. These individuals neediness collateral, steady employment and a falsifiable credit history and in that respectfore cannot meet even the most minimal qualifications to gain access to traditional credit.Microcredit is a part of microfinance, which is the preparedness of a wider range of financial services to the very poor. 2. 2 Features of microcredit sur casing loans are micro, or very small in size channelize users micro entrepreneurs and low-income households Utilization the use of notes for income generation, and opening move development, but also for community of interests use (health/education) and so on Terms and conditions most footing and conditions for microcredit loans are flexible and easy to understand, and suited to the local conditions of the community. Usually micro-credit is provided to a item geographical area or community. Micro-credit funds are whatevertimes initiated in response to the needs of a particular group. round loan circles and lending institutions require participants to name ongoing business training and mentoring political platforms, which is not the case with traditional debt lending. Micro-credit i s recognized as having ontogeny risk and is treated as a separate class of product by lenders. Its mission is to help the poor families to help themselves to overcome poverty. It is targeted to the poor, particularly poor women. 2. 3Classification of microcredit I. Traditional informal microcredit (such as, billslenders credit, pawn shops, loans from friends and relatives, consumer credit in informal market, etc. ) II. Microcredit establish on traditional informal groups (such as, tontin, su su, ROSCA, etc. ) III. Activity- base microcredit through conventional or work banks (such as, agricultural credit, livestock credit, fisheries credit, handloom credit, etc. ) IV. awkward credit through specialised banks. V. reconciling microcredit (cooperative credit, credit union, savings and loan associations, savings banks, etc. VI. Consumer microcredit. VII. Bank-NGO partnership ground microcredit. VIII. Grameen display case microcredit or Grameencredit. IX. early(a) types of NGO m icrocredit. X. Other types of non-NGO non-collateralized microcredit. Chapter 3 Major MFIs and their role in Bangladesh Back during late 1970s, when the Jobra experiment was afoot(predicate) under Professor M. Yunus, the Dheki Rin Prokolpa was initiated by the Bangladesh Bank in collaboration with the Swanirvar Bangladesh, and several other pilot schemes were initiated by a fistful of the NGOs who were active then.At that time, it was difficult then to apprehend that these initiatives would lead to a major micro-credit movement, which would make Bangladesh known to the rest of the world. Even during the 1980s, in spite of Grameen Banks success, the main discourse amongst development practitioners in Bangladesh centred on the desirability of micro-credit platform as fence to concientization. By 1990, unhindered experimentation in the fields led to a politic resolution of the debate and the country go through a massive expansion of micro-finance activities during the 1990s.Th is is borne out by the figures on the time path of MFI expansion (see Figure 1), pic Many studies and surveys have been carried out by different agencies regarding the working of MFIs and their doctor on the poor people in Bangladesh. The agencies like Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies and World Bank have found strong evidence that functioning of MFIs have helped the people in meeting their daily needs and at the same time building their assets.It has been stated in The World Bank Economic Review that microfinance has not only helped people to develop in their material capital but also in the human capital, by cave in access to health care and education system, and general awareness among the people about their rights and duties towards society. However, there are numerous MFIs working in Bangladesh at present so it is almost impossible to mention all of them. Therefore, we have chosen four of the most important ones and try to give the overview of them. 3. Bangladesh o ut dry landish Advancement Committee (BRAC) With a vision of a just, enlightened, healthy and democratic Bangladesh quit from hunger, poverty, environmental degrad ation and all forms of exploitation based on age, sex, religion and ethnicity, BRAC started as an almost entirely donor funded, small-scale assuagement and rehabilitation project to help the country overcome the devastation and trauma of the carrier bag War. Today, BRAC has emerged as an independent, virtually self-financed paradigm in sustainable human development with its motto ?Alleviation of poverty and empowerment of the poor. It is the tremendousst in the world employing 97,192 people, with the twin objectives of poverty succor and empowerment of the poor. Through experiential learning, BRAC immediately provides and protects livelihoods of around 100 million people in Bangladesh. Diagnosing poverty in human terms and recognizing its multidimensional nature, BRAC approaches poverty alleviation with a holistic approach. BRACs outreach covers all 64 districts of the country. 3. 1. Microfinance Programs of BRAC, at a contemplate (Source BRAC Annual report 2005) Inception of micro finance programme 1974 Programme reporting Districts 64,Thanas507 gist No of Area/ discriminate Offices 1,381 gist No of village Organizations 160,197 essential No of Members 4,837,099 Percentage of Women Members 98% heavy(p) Borrowers 4,159,793 Cumulative Loan Disbursement 165,794 million (US $3,094) Members Savings 9,159 million (US 141 million) sightly Loan Size 9,452(US $145) Repayment regulate 99. 49% 3. 2 Grameen Bank The history of origin of Grameen Bank can be traced back to 1976, when Professor Muhammad Yunus, head of the rural economic science Program at the University of Chittagong, launched an action research project to examine the possibility of shrewd a credit delivery system to provide banking services targeted at the cracker-barrel poor.The initial activities started fr om Jobra village (adjacent to Chittagong University) and some in th e neighboring villages in the following years. Later in 1979, with the sponsorship of underlying bank and support of the nationalized commercial banks, the project was extended to Tangail, a district trades union of Dhaka. Later the Grameen Bank became an autonomous organization through the government legislation of October 1983. Today, Grameen Bank is mainly owned by the people whom it serves and they own 90% of its shares and remaining 10 % are owned by the government. 3. 2. 1 Microfinance Programs of Grameen bank, at a glance (Source Gra meen Bank annual report 2007) upshots of Members 7. 5 million Percent of Women Members 97% egress of Canters 99,502 flesh of Villages cover 59,912 Number of Branches 2,499 Number of Areas 81,334 villages Number of Zones 21 Cumulative make sense Disbursed since Inception 256,497. 40 (Million Taka) Cumulative Disbursed during 2005 39,183. 49 (Million Taka) Amount of Loan outstanding 27,970. 31 (Million Taka) Members 20,138. 7 (Million Taka) Non-Members 11,521. 19 (Million Taka) Portfolio Growth Rate 39. 66% 3. 3 Association for amicable Advancement (ASA) ASA in Bengali means HOPE. ASA is a non-governmental organization based in Bangladesh, which provides micro-credit financing. It was established in 1978 by Shafiqual Haque Choudhury who is also the current chairman. Its functioning is basedon the institutional support system.Innovations and simplifications of staff training, monitoring and bookkeeping are the three areas responsible for ASAs ability to effectively manage established units and keep abreast bold step-up initiatives simultaneously. This makes the operations fluid and efficient. This makes it guileless and easy to operate both(prenominal) for the organization and for the clients, without the unnecessary delays of bureaucracy and red-tape. Its mission is to reduce poverty and improve the graphic symbol of life of the poor through the provision of qualitative and responsive micro finance services in an innovative and sustainable way. ASA offers a roaring substitute(a) microfinance model to that of the Grameen bank.ASA combines low cost operations and high growth to fuel its success. ASA continues to blameless the role of financial intermediation by developing a kind of savings p roducts that are quite successful at generating the necessary funds from local sources. The experiences of ASAs managerial dynamism and replication of its simplex model have much to offer the diverse microfinance sector as it accommodates claim for quality Financial services by the poor masses. ASA is confident that a financially viable microfinance sector that provides competitive financial services to its customers will be able to expand outreach at a ill-treat similar to its own. 3. 3. Microfinance Programs of ASA, at a Glance (Source ASA Annual makeup 2005) Inception of micro finance programme 1978 Progr amme reportage Evenly distributed over the country keep down No of Area/Branch Offices 2,291 Total No of village Organizations or groups 178,904 Total No of Members 5. 99 millions Percentage of Women Members non sex coloured Outstanding Borrowers 4. 8 millions C umulative Loan Disbursement 33,082 million (Taka) Total Members Savings 3,036 million (Taka) Average Loan Size Taka 7,129 Avg. savings balance by members Taka 748 3. 4 Proshika Immediately after the WAR OF LIBERATION in 1971, a group of young men, who could realize the want of the conventional development practices, began to plan development activities with an alternative appr oach. With an objective to contribute to build the war-ravaged country, they formed Proshika Manobik Unnayan Kendra (Proshika Centre for Human Development).The development process of PROSHIKA, one of the largest NGOs of Ban gladesh, started in a some villages of Dhaka and Comilla districts in 1975, although the organization formally took its first clapperclaw in 1976. Proshika is an acronym of three Bangla words, proshikkhan (training), shikkha (education) and kaj (action). PROSHIKA envisages a society, which is economically productive and equitable, socially just, environmentally sound, and actually democratic. The main mission of PROSHIKA is to conduct an extensive, intensive, and participatory process of sustainable development through empowerment of the poor.Through empowerment, the poor are or ganized and made aware of the real causes of their impoverishment, a leadership is developed among them, their material resources are mobilized, income and employment is increased, and capacities are developed to get it on with natural disasters. Empowerment makes th e poor functionally literate, enables them to take break up care of their health, to get involved in environmental protection and regeneration, get elected in local government bodies and community institutions, and provides the poor with better acces s to globe and common property resources. 3. 4. 1 Microfinance Programs of PROSHIKA, at a Glance ((Source PROSHIKA Annual comprehend 2005) Numbers of Members 2. 7 millions Percent of Women Members close to 60% Number of Groups 148,039 Number of Villages cover 23559 Number of Slums 2102 Number of Households 2. 3 millions Number of primary Groups 148,039 Cumulative Disbursed during 2005 Taka 31,870 millions Number of knowledge Centres Set Up So furthermost 53,616 Persons graduated with technical skills 1. 11 millions Chapter 4 Impact of Microcredit Program on Poverty Alleviation 4. What the microcredit clients do with the loan capital In one of the countrys large formal MFIs, it was found that about sixty eight per cent of the clients employ 54% of their do loans for small trades. A hardly a(prenominal) clients utilize 64% of the loan funds for buy homestead and cropland. A small number of clients apply 67% of the loans to build unsanded houses. rough washed-out 15% of the fundamental loan for medical examination treatment of their relatives and themselves. most spent 19% of the primitive loan money for economic consumption purposes. A a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) clients utilise 29% of loan money for maneuvering their relatives abroad for jobs. A little number of clients apply 18% of their loan for major repairing of their dwelling houses.A handful of clients apply 42% of the loan for purchase tv sets, furniture and gold ornaments, musical composition others employ the loan money in buying rickshaws, livestock and lending to others in a modicum scale . In other large non-governmental organisation (NGO)-MFI, it was spotted that cubic decimeter per cent of the clients used 95% of the full(a) loan money in trading businesses like vegetables, grocery, fish, and betel leaves, etc. A few clients used 40% of the loan money in repaying occasional borrowed debts. few clients used 35% in agricultural farming. Some used 37% of the total loan for buying livestock for rearing. A few clients used 41% loan money for redeeming mortgaged cropland.Some clients used 61% of the loan money for sending relatives abroad. over again some used 34% of the loan money for meeting the debts from moneylenders. Some clients used 15% of the total loans in repaying loan installments of other NGOs. Some clients used 17% of the loan for medical treatment. Some used 100% loan for house construction, while others used the loans for buying land, rickshaw vans and consumption purposes. Yet again in another large NGO-MFI in the country, about fifty per cent clients were noticed using 66% of the total loan in cart track their businesses. Several clients used 43% of the total loan for marriage ceremony of their family members.A few clients used 38% of the loan for house construction and repairing. Some used 32% of the total loans in repaying loans of the local moneylenders. A few clients used 59% of the loan for various l itigation purposes. Some clients spent 41% in food consumption. Some clients used 67% loan for twist purposes. Others used the loans for medical treatment, buying livestock, cropland, taking others land for cultivation and repaying loan installments of other NGOs. In a mid-level MFI operating in the urban areas, cent per cent clients used 86% of the total loan in various types of businesses that include grocery, cattle hide, computer composing, photocopy service, commercial phone service, sari selling, etc.Some clients used 84% of the total loan for house construction. A few clients used 81% of the total loan in buying land in the villages where they hailed from. In a pretty tiny NGO-MFI, some clients were found using 74% of the total loans for buying fishing equipment like nets and boats, etc. Some clients used 46% of the loan for buying livestock. A few used 74% of the loans as business capital. Some kept 52% of the loans as savings in the commercial banks, while others used t he loan money for repairing houses and meeting medical costs. 4. 2 Impact of Microcredit The major objective of microcredit (MC) is to create income among poor households and thereby lenify poverty.In this respect the question can be asked at two levels, first, whether MC leads to an improvement in income and second whether the increase in income is sufficient to lift them above the poverty level. There is also a ternary aspect related to the second that is whether poverty alleviation takes place on a sustained basis. Though most impact assessment studies examine the impact of MC on income, the analyses concentrated on mainly the first question. It should be mentioned that most studies consider the total impact on growth of income and do not examine whether a redistribution of credit fund has a redistributive impact on poverty and income of households 4. 2. 1 Findings of PKSF ME hire by BIDSPalli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) commissioned a longitudinal Monitoring and Evaluatio n count (MES) which was conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS). Started in 1997, the studies were completed in 2001. The study covered 3026 sample households spread over 91 villages located in 13 of PKSF POs functional areas. A census was administered in late 1997, covering 19151 households in 91 villages. The first and the second round surveys under the study were administered in 1998 and 1999 and the third and final round survey was conducted in 2000. Some findings on the impacts of microcredit as presented here are gleaned from the reports and written document prepared by BIDS. The summary of the PKSF-ME tuition by BIDS is shown in the set back below- Table Impacts of Microfinance (compared to non-participants) Broad Category Indicatiors Type of remove Cause of Change Economic Impact Income + Self employment activities Food aegis + Greater access to cultivable land through the rental market profit (land poor) + Transport and other non-a gril activities sup. by MC Employment (land poor) + better access to the land rental market Wage emoloyment in non-ag. sector Assets (land poor) + av. ow land size than non-participants larger operational holding impact of MF (poultry livestock, bi-cycles, rickshaw/van) Social and other statelyness and contraceptive use + program federation development impacts female methods dominate wellness and Nutrition + program placement effect Sanitation and drinking water + program participation Literacy and school enrollment + program participation of children Social mobility ? do not vary significantly Women articipation and HH + participation in a MC program eudaimonia increasing womens income 4. 2. 2 beat the Impact of Microfinance Grameen Bank has been tracking the betterment of its clients in achieving all ten indicators since 1997, and reports that 55 pct of its established members (Grameen annually surveys all clients who have been in t he program more than five years) had crossed the poverty line by the end of 2004 pic (Source CIA World Factbook http//www. cia. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bg. tml) This is an impressive achievement, and exactly the type of information that one might hope any MFI would be tracking. Though it might seem imperious to determine that achieving all ten indicators constitutes movement out of poverty, in fact all poverty lines are to some mark arbitrary, and they are meant to quantify whether or not families are meeting basic needssuch as those represented in the Ten Indicators. endureing that 55 part of established Grameen clients never go hungry, have access to safe drinking water, and send their children to school is important to Grameen. Table 1 Poverty rates among Grameen Bank members vs. Non-participants, 1984-85 Grameen members Target non participants All households Grameen equation Grameen Comparison villages villages villages villages sanely poor (percent) 61. 0 83. 7 80. 4 61. 5 76. 3 Extremely poor (percent) 48. 0 76 74. 4 47. 1 54. 6 Table 2 Poverty rates among Grameen Bank members vs. Non-participants, 1996-97 All households Grameen Comparison villages villages Moderately poor (percent) 18 57. 5 Extremely poor (percent) 15 54. 5 Table 1 and 2 bring up that Grameen Bank members are substantially less poor than non-members, and that Grameen Banks activities touch the poverty levels of entire villages. The centerpiece of the findings of a survey is that every additional taka lent to a woman adds an additional 0. 18 taka to annual household expenditurean 18 percent return to income from acquire. Notably, the returns to male borrowing were considerably lower, only 11 percent.The authorship and the book reported a variety of wider impacts, including A one percent increase in credit to Grameen women increased the probability of girls school enrollment by 1. 86 percentage points. A 10 percent increase in credit provided to wom en increased the arm circumference of girls by 6 percent. A one percent increase in credit to women increased the height-for-age of both boys by 1. 42 percent and girls by 1. 16 percent. Microcredit is not merely an instrument for credit extension to the poor borrowers. It is a movement to emancipate the poor to extenuate their poverty, improve their quality of life, and build their cogency and awareness and to integrate them economically and socially into the mainstream of the economy.The benefits of microcredit go beyond the quantifiable ones, there are other benefits, which are not seen, but are evident in the socio-economic transformation of rural Bangladesh. Chapter 5 remnant We have come to the conclusions that there is a noticeable and positive impact of microcredit activities on the living standards, empowerment and poverty alleviation among the poor people in the society. If one can help, a poor person to stand on his own that cannot only bring about a regeneration in their lives but also in the society. The dream of a healthy and amend society with no discrimination and biased can be achieved through this simple thought, the dream which seems to be coming accredited and becoming practical.The simple vision of one man, Muhammad Yunus has taken the shape of the revolution and has shown the scape of hope in the path of life to every human, irrespective of his background or status or position. The hope of a life that no one will sleep hungry, no one will die due to lack of medication, our children can read and write on their own and everyone will be the pillar of the society. ground for further research The current study did not consider the reasons of motivation to marrow the microfinance program. Another area that has not been investigated is the difficulties that the borrowers face to repay the loan. These areas deserve to be canvass by future researchers in the field. There is also another field, which is neglected in our study that the supply quip of MFIs.Actually, to what period the MFIs are capable to deliver their service to the poor people. Further research could be conducted in this area and for finding the reasons for the gap between demand and supply in terms of microfinance services. References www. google. com Grameen Bank functionary website (www. grameen-info. org/) ASA official website (www. asabd. org) BRAC official website (www. brac. net) PROSHIKA official web site (www. proshika. o rg/) Rahman, R. I. , 1994, Impact of Credit for the Rural suffering An Evaluation of Palli Karma Sahayak Foundations Credit Program, Report Nr 1207, BIDS, Dhaka. (found on the internet)The World Bank, 1996, Staff idea Report, Bangladesh Poverty Alleviation Micro-finance Report 1, southward Asia Region. (Found on the internet) caravansarydker, S. R, 1998, Micro-credit Programmes Evaluation - A circumstantial Review, IDS Bulletin of International Development Studies 29 (4), 11-19. (Found on the internet) Measuring t he Impact of Micro? nance Taking Stock of What We Know (December 2005) by Nathanael Goldberg. (Found on the internet) Impact of Microfinance on Living Standards,Empowerment and Poverty Alleviation of Poor People A Case necessitate on Microfinance in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh. -by Mohammad Arifujjaman Khan and Mohammed Anisur Rahaman.